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Volcanism on Io, a moon of Jupiter, produces lava flows, volcanic pits, and plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide hundreds of kilometres high. This volcanic activity was discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1 imaging scientists. Observations of Io by passing spacecraft and Earth-based astronomers have revealed more than 150 active volcanoes. Io's volcanism makes the satellite one of only four known volcanically active worlds in the solar system. First predicted shortly before the Voyager 1 flyby, the heat source for Io's volcanism comes from tidal heating produced by Io's forced orbital eccentricity. Io's volcanism has led to the formation of hundreds of volcanic centres and extensive lava formations, making the moon the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Three different types of volcanic eruptions have been identified, differing in duration, intensity, lava effusion rate, and whether the eruption occurs within a volcanic pit. Lava flows on Io, tens or hundreds of kilometres long, have primarily basaltic composition, similar to lavas seen on Earth at shield volcanoes such as Kīlauea in Hawaii. As a result of the presence of significant quantities of sulfurous materials in Io's crust and on its surface, during some eruptions, sulfur, sulfur dioxide gas, and pyroclastic material are blown up to 500 kilometres (310 mi) into space, producing large, umbrella-shaped volcanic plumes. (more...)

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• An accident aboard Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa kills 20, making it the worst submarine disaster since Kursk.
• A shipment of cocaine, worth €750 million, is seized off the coast of Ireland in the largest such seizure in the country's history.
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• Barack Obama of the Democratic Party becomes the first African American to be elected President of the United States.
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November 10: Remembrance of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (09:05 EET or 06:05 UTC, Turkey)

• 1775 – The United States Marine Corps was founded as the Continental Marines by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War.
• 1865 – Henry Wirz, the superintendent of the Confederacy's Andersonville Prison, was hanged as per a controversial conviction, becoming the only American Civil War soldier executed for war crimes.
• 1871 – "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" – Journalist and explorer Henry Morton Stanley located missing missionary and explorer David Livingstone (pictured) in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika in present-day Tanzania.
• 1945 – Indonesian National Revolution: Following the killing of the British officer Brigadier Mallaby a few weeks prior, British forces began their retaliation by attacking Surabaya, Indonesia.
• 1995 – Playwright and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People were executed by the Nigerian military government.

• More events: November 9 – November 10 – November 11

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